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Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 KnowledgeWorks

1.1.1 Background

1.1.2 Technical Overview

1.2 Notation and conventions

1.2.1 Prolog syntax

1.2.2 Viewing example files

1.2.3 Appearance of the graphical tools

2 Tutorial

2.1 Getting Started

2.2 Loading the Tutorial

2.3 Running the Tutorial

2.4 Browsers

2.4.1 Rule Browser

2.4.2 Objects Browser

2.4.3 Class Browser

2.4.4 Forward Chaining History

2.5 KnowledgeWorks Listener

2.6 Debugging

2.6.1 Monitoring Forward Chaining Rules

2.6.2 Single-Stepping Rules

2.6.3 Editing Rule Definitions

2.7 Lisp Integration

2.7.1 The LispWorks IDE

2.8 Systems

2.9 Exiting KnowledgeWorks

3 Rules

3.1 Forward chaining

3.1.1 Overview

3.1.2 Forward Chaining Syntax

3.1.2.1 Example

3.1.3 Defining Forward Chaining Rules

3.1.3.1 Example

3.1.4 The Forward Chaining Interpreter

3.1.5 Control Flow

3.1.5.1 The Agenda

3.1.5.2 Contexts

3.1.5.3 Conflict Resolution

3.1.6 Examples

3.1.6.1 Defining Contexts

3.1.7 Forward Chaining Debugging

3.2 Backward Chaining

3.2.1 Overview

3.2.2 Backward Chaining Syntax

3.2.2.1 Example

3.2.3 Objects

3.2.4 Defining Backward Chaining Rules

3.2.5 The Backward Chaining Interpreter

3.2.5.1 Examples

3.2.6 Edinburgh Prolog Translator

3.2.7 Backward Chaining Debugging

3.3 Common Lisp Interface

4 Objects

4.1 CLOS objects

4.1.1 Unnamed Classes

4.1.2 Named Classes

4.1.2.1 Examples

4.2 Relational Database Objects

4.2.1 Example

4.2.2 Extended Example

4.3 KnowledgeWorks Structures

5 The Programming Environment

5.1 The KnowledgeWorks Listener

5.2 The Editor

5.3 Clearing KnowledgeWorks

5.4 The System Browser

5.5 The Class Browser

5.6 The Objects Browser

5.7 The Rule Browser

5.8 Debugging with the Environment

5.8.1 Spy Windows

5.9 Monitor Windows

5.9.1 Forward Chaining History

6 Advanced Topics

6.1 Control Flow

6.1.1 Meta Rule Protocol

6.1.1.1 Functions defined on Instantiations

6.1.1.2 A Simple Example

6.1.1.3 A Simple Explanation Facility

6.1.1.4 Reasoning with Certainty Factors

6.1.2 User-definable Conflict Resolution

6.1.2.1 Examples

6.2 Optimization

6.2.1 Forward Chaining

6.2.1.1 KnowledgeWorks Structures

6.2.1.2 Efficient Forward Chaining Rule Preconditions

6.2.1.3 Profiling

6.2.2 Conflict Resolution

6.2.2.1 Use of Contexts

6.2.2.2 Optimization of the Strategy

6.2.3 Backward Chaining

6.2.3.1 Pattern Matching

6.2.3.2 Tail Recursion

6.2.3.3 Cut

6.3 Use of Meta-Classes

6.3.1 Example

6.4 Logical Dependencies and Truth Maintenance

6.4.1 Example

6.5 Inferencing States

6.5.1 Creating and Maintaining Inferencing States

6.5.2 The Current Inferencing State

6.5.3 Uses of Inferencing States

6.5.3.1 Multiple threads

6.5.3.2 Interleaved in a Single Thread

7 Reference Guide

all-debug

any

assert

clear-all

clear-rules

conflict-set

context

current-cycle

cut

*cycle*

def-kb-class

def-kb-struct

def-named-kb-class

defcontext

defrule

deftactic

destroy-inferencing-state

erase

fail

find-inferencing-state

findall

fire-rule

get-kb-object

*in-interpreter*

infer

*inferencing-state*

inferencing-state-name

inst-bindings

inst-rulename

inst-token

instantiation

list-all-inferencing-states

kb-name

kw-class

-lex

lex

make-inferencing-state

make-instance

-mea

mea

named-kb-object

no-debug

not

-order

order

*print-verbose*

-priority

priority

-recency

recency

reset

return

*signal-kb-name-clash*

-specificity

specificity

standard-context

standard-kb-object

start-cycle

start-kw

test

undefcontext

undefrule

with-rule-actions

Appendix A Common Prolog

A.1 Introduction

A.1.1 Overview

A.1.1.1 Starting Common Prolog

A.2 Syntax

A.3 Defining Relations

A.4 Using The Logic Interpreter

A.4.1 Multiple Solutions

A.4.2 Multiple Goals

A.4.3 Definitions

A.4.4 Exiting the Interpreter

A.5 Accessing Lisp From Common Prolog

A.5.1 Examples

A.6 Calling Prolog From Lisp

A.6.1 Examples

A.6.2 Interface Functions

A.6.2.1 any, findall and findallset

A.6.2.2 deflogfun

A.6.2.3 with-prolog

A.7 Debugging

A.7.1 Tracing

A.7.1.1 Tracing rules

A.7.2 Spy Points

A.7.3 Leashing

A.7.4 Interactive Debugging

A.8 Common Prolog Macros

A.8.1 Example

A.9 Defining Definite Clause Grammars

A.9.1 Examples

A.9.1.1 Example 1: A simple definition.

A.9.1.2 Example 2: Using extra arguments.

A.10 Edinburgh Syntax

A.11 Graphic Development Environment

A.12 Built-in Predicates

A.13 Adding Built-in Predicates

A.13.1 The defdetpred form

A.13.2 The defdetunipred form

A.14 Edinburgh Compatibility Predicates

Appendix B Examples

B.1 The Tutorial

B.2 Explanation Facility

B.3 Uncertain Reasoning Facility

B.4 Other Examples

Appendix C Implementation Notes

C.1 Forward Chainer

C.1.1 Forward Chaining Algorithm

C.1.2 CLOS and the Forward Chainer

C.1.3 Forward Chaining and the Backward Chainer

C.2 Backward Chainer

C.2.1 Backward Chaining Algorithm

C.2.2 Term Structure

C.2.3 The Binding Trail

Appendix D For More Information

D.1 General References

D.1.1 Forward Chaining

D.1.2 Backward Chaining and Prolog

D.1.3 Uncertain Reasoning

D.1.4 Expert Systems

D.1.5 Lisp and CLOS

D.2 The LispWorks manuals

Appendix E Converting Other Systems

E.1 OPS5

E.2 Prolog

Glossary

Index


KnowledgeWorks and Prolog User Guide (Macintosh version) - 24 Mar 2017

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